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Sault Ste. Marie is a city in, and the county seat of, Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2011-06-07 )〕 It is situated on the northeastern end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, on the Canadian border, and separated from its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, by the St. Marys River. The city is relatively isolated from other communities in Michigan and is 346 miles from Detroit. The population was 14,144 at the 2010 census, making it the second most populous city in the Upper Peninsula. By contrast, the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie is much larger, with more than 75,000 residents, based on more extensive industry developed in the 20th century and an economy with closer connections to other communities. Sault Ste. Marie had been settled by Native Americans more than 500 years ago and was a crossroads of fishing and trading of tribes around the Great Lakes. It developed as the first European settlement in the region that became the Midwestern United States,〔(Charter Revision Handbook ). Michigan Municipal League.〕 when, in 1668, Father Jacques Marquette, a French Jesuit, learned of the Native American village and traveled there to found a Catholic mission. French colonists later established a fur trading post, which attracted trappers and Native Americans on a seasonal basis. Both Métis men and women were active in the trade and among the elite in the community. A fur-trading settlement quickly grew at the crossroads that straddled the banks of the river. It was the center of a trading route of that extended from Montreal to the Sault, and from the Sault to the country north of Lake Superior.〔("Sault Ste. Marie – history" ), The North View, accessed 20 Dec 2008〕 The settlement was a single community under French colonial and later British colonial rule until 1817, when a US–UK Joint Boundary Commission fixed the border between the Michigan Territory of the USA and the British Province of Upper Canada to follow the river in this area. Whereas traders had formerly moved through the whole area, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste. Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward the end of the nineteenth century. ''Sault Sainte-Marie'' in French means "the Rapids of Saint Mary". The Saint Mary's River runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron, separating the twin border cities. No hyphens are used in the English spelling, which is otherwise identical to the French, but the pronunciations differ; Anglophones say and Francophones say (:so sɛ̃t maʁi). In both languages, the name is often written ''Sault Ste. Marie''. On both sides of the border, the towns and the general vicinity are called The Sault (usually pronounced ) or The Soo. The two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 (I-75) in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Huron Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the rapids via the American Soo Locks, the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage passing through it, while smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal. The city's downtown sits on an island, with the locks to the north, and the Sault Ste. Marie Power Canal to the south. People come from around the world to view shipping traffic pass through the locks. The largest ships are long by wide. These are domestic carriers (called ''lakers'') too large to transit the Welland Canal that bypasses Niagara Falls and, consequently, are land-locked. Foreign ships (termed ''salties'') are smaller. Sault Ste. Marie is also the home of the International 500 Snowmobile Race (commonly called the I-500), which takes place annually and draws participants and spectators from all over the U.S. and Canada. The race, which was inspired by the Indianapolis 500,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=I-500 Snowmobile Race, Sault Sainte Marie, MI - International 500 Snowmobile Race )〕 originated in 1969 and has been growing ever since. ==History== For centuries Ojibwa (Chippewa) Native Americans had lived in the area, which they referred to as ''Baawitigong'' ("at the cascading rapids"), after the rapids of St. Marys River. French colonists renamed the region Saulteaux ("rapids" in French). In 1668, French missionaries Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette founded a Jesuit mission at this site. It developed as the third-oldest European city in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the oldest permanent settlement in contemporary Michigan state. On June 4, 1671, Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson, a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St. Mary between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Trader Nicolas Perrot helped attract the principal chiefs, and representatives of 14 indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony. The French officials proclaimed France's appropriation of the immense territory surrounding (Superior ) in the name of King Louis XIV.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography – DAUMONT DE SAINT-LUSSON, SIMON-FRANÇOIS – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography )〕 In the 18th century, the settlement became an important center of the fur trade, when it was a post for the British-owned North West Company, based in Canada. The fur trader John Johnston, a Scots-Irish immigrant from Belfast, Ireland, was considered the first European settler in 1790. He married a high-ranking Ojibwa woman named ''Ozhaguscodaywayquay'', the daughter of a prominent chief. She was also known as Susan Johnston. Their marriage created an alliance between high-ranking Europeans and Ojibwa, and the family was prominent among Native Americans, First Nations, and Europeans from both Canada and the United States. They had eight children who learned fluent Ojibwe, English and French. The Johnstons entertained a variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and government officials, especially during the years before the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.〔 As a result of the fur trade, the settlement attracted Ojibwa and Ottawa, Métis, and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities. It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had capital) and their families and upper-class Ojibwa in the upper echelon.〔(Robert E. Bieder, "Sault Ste. Marie and the War of 1812: A World Turned Upside Down in the Old Northwest" ), ''Indiana Magazine of History'', XCV (Mar 1999), accessed 13 Dec 2008〕 In the aftermath of the War of 1812, however, the community's society changed markedly.〔 The U.S. built Fort Brady near the settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, mostly Anglo-American. A new boundary was settled on in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St. Mary's River, and the US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States. After completion of the Erie Canal in 1832, the number of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan increased dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them the Yankee culture of the Northern Tier. Their numbers overwhelmed the cosmopolitan culture of the earlier settlers. They conducted more discrimination against Native Americans and Métis. The falls proved a choke point for shipping between the Great Lakes. Early ships traveling to and from Lake Superior were portaged around the rapids in a lengthy process (much like moving a house) that could take weeks. Later, only the cargoes were unloaded, hauled around the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting below the rapids. The first American lock, the State Lock, was built in 1855; it was instrumental in improving shipping. Over the years, the lock was expanded and improved. In 1900, Northwestern Leather Company opened a tannery in Sault Ste. Marie.〔Arbic 2003, p. 190.〕 The tannery was founded to process leather for the upper parts of shoes, which was finer than that for soles.〔Arbic 2003, p. 191.〕 After the factory closed in 1958, the property was sold to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corporation.〔Arbic 2003, p. 197.〕 In March 1938 during the Great Depression, Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $70,000 for construction of the Pullar Community Building, which opened in 1939. This building held an indoor ice rink composed of artificial ice, then a revolutionary concept. The ice rink is still owned by the city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pullar Community Building )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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